Compare and Contrast Spanish and British Colonization...

Compare and contrast Spanish and British colonization efforts in North America prior to 1763. Prior to 1763, both Spanish and British colonization efforts expanded into various regions of North America. In less than a century, from 1625 to 1700, the movements of peoples and goods from Europe to North America transformed the continent. Native Americans either resisted or accommodated the newcomers depending on the region of the colony. Though the English colonies were by far the most populous, within the English colonies, four distinct regions emerged. While planters or merchants grew in power in each English colony, Spanish colonists, with far fewer colonists, depended more on friendly relations with Native Americans to secure their†¦show more content†¦The English had a much larger population in their colonies than the Spanish, in fact, in 1700; there was a total population of 250,000 in the English colonies compared to 4,500 in the Spanish. A larger population in the colonies meant there was more manpower for work and, in addition, a greater wealth development. T his led to a greater distinction between the English and the Spanish, which was the mass level by which slaves were used in colonial society. The Spanish too had similar ways of acquiring cheap labor services by establishing the Encomienda system. This system, unlike the English, exploited the Indians for personal profits rather than slaves imported from Africa. As English colonies, particularly in the south, focused on establishing an agrarian society; the Spanish did not focus as much on maintaining an agriculture based society. In marked contrast to England’s compact, densely populated settlements on the Atlantic, Spain established far-flung inland networks of fortified trading posts and missions. Unlike the English, they were unable to attract large numbers of colonists, and thus enlisted Native Americans as trading partners and military allies. The Catholic nation had far greater success in converting natives to Christianity than their Protestant counterpart. By 1700, Sp anish missionaries, traders, and soldiers were spreading their influence beyond the range of England’s colonies; toShow MoreRelatedStudy Guide for US History Essay3594 Words   |  15 Pagesare to write both a detailed outline and the essay with it. The date listed will be the day the assignment is due. September 16, 2009 Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the Europeans. Why were some groups more advanced than others throughout the same region? September 17, 2009 Compare the experience of the French, Spanish, and English in colonizing the New World. What common perception of the region did they share? Discuss the differences in their relationshipRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 PagesRethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, the British Empire, and the Atlantic World in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author(s): Steve Pincus Reviewed work(s): Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 3-34 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0003 . Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the TermsRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 PagesEuropean Colonization of North America, to 1660 The supportive structure and small number of documents chosen for this question are intended to make this a good starting point for teaching students to write DBQ essays. The three criteria offered for consideration create a logical pattern of organization. Each of these can be considered in turn with outside information from the student’s course and examples drawn from the documents. These include references to Spanish and French colonial efforts as well

Iron Crowned Chapter 24 Free Essays

â€Å"What?† exclaimed Jasmine. I didn’t share her concern. â€Å"Damn it. We will write a custom essay sample on Iron Crowned Chapter 24 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I should have banished you the first time I saw you. I don’t have time for this, not with everything else. You should be in the Underworld by now. Kiyo isn’t going to kill me.† â€Å"I’m serious!† said Deanna, as frantic as a ghost could get. â€Å"You’re in danger!† I shook my head. â€Å"Look, I’m sorry about your husband †¦ really, I am. But not every guy is homicidal. Don’t transfer this to me.† â€Å"I’m not! This is real. I was going to move on after †¦ after †¦ well, after my husband was arrested†¦.† There was a mournful pause. Her story had come to a close, but it hadn’t had a happy ending. â€Å"I wanted to say good-bye formally and went looking for you †¦ but found Kiyo instead †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I put my hands on my hips, wishing I’d brought my wand. I did not need a delusional ghost, not with everything else right now. â€Å"And then he said he was going to kill me?† â€Å"No. He told that other queen he would.† That cut off my snark, leaving me speechless for a moment. â€Å"What other queen?† demanded Jasmine. â€Å"The blond one. The Willow Queen.† Jasmine and I exchanged looks. Suddenly, Deanna’s crazy statements had become slightly less crazy. â€Å"What exactly did you overhear?† I asked quietly. â€Å"He told her you were pregnant and that you’d have an abortion if it was a boy †¦ but that he was concerned. He was worried because you hadn’t just done it already.† Deanna looked back and forth between our faces, desperate for either of us to believe her. â€Å"He said it was probably just shock and that you’d ‘do the right thing,’ but that if you didn’t †¦ well, Maiwenn said they’d have to make you lose the baby. Or †¦ if that didn’t work †¦ that Kiyo would kill you.† â€Å"That’s insane,† I said. â€Å"Kiyo wouldn’t kill me.† â€Å"Kiyo doesn’t want the prophecy to come true,† said Jasmine. â€Å"It’s not that insane.† I turned on her. â€Å"He loves me. This whole idea †¦ it’s ridiculous.† â€Å"Why would I lie?† said Deanna. â€Å"You helped me. I’m helping you by warning you before I move on to the next world. I’m telling you, I heard them. Kiyo swore he’d make sure the prophecy couldn’t be fulfilled.† â€Å"Kiyo. Loves. Me.† â€Å"Dorian loves you too,† pointed out Jasmine. â€Å"And look what he did. When you think about it, Kiyo’s the type who’d think one tragic loss of life was worth saving many. Or something stupid like that.† â€Å"He would.† Admitting it surprised me, and yet †¦ as the meaning of Deanna’s words sank deeper and deeper, I remembered my first meeting with Kiyo. He’d found me on Maiwenn’s orders. They hadn’t known what kind of person I was, if I’d wanted to fulfill the prophecy or not. He’d never said so explicitly, but my impression had been that both were willing to go to extreme means to stop Storm King’s heir from being born. Our relationship had obviously changed since then, but maybe †¦ maybe some things hadn’t†¦. â€Å"But he wouldn’t go that far,† I finished. â€Å"Do you want to take that chance?† asked Jasmine softly. â€Å"Maybe he wouldn’t really kill you, but you heard what he said about Maiwenn’s ‘magic’ abortion.† What had Deanna claimed? That Kiyo and Maiwenn had planned to make me terminate the pregnancy if I wouldn’t willingly? â€Å"We just need to talk,† I said, hoping I sounded convincing. My next words gave me away. â€Å"Somewhere I know I’m safe.† â€Å"Kiyo’s in the waiting room,† said Jasmine, seeing that I was finally taking this seriously. â€Å"Is this a safe place?† â€Å"Probably not.† I had finished getting dressed. â€Å"There must be a back door. There’s always a back door. We’ll go †¦ we’ll go home. I’ll get my weapons, and then we’ll go to the Otherworld. He and I can talk about this reasonably in the Thorn Land. I’ll be safe there.† â€Å"You’ll never make it there,† said Deanna. I’d practically forgotten about her. â€Å"He can follow you. As soon as you leave here, he’ll know and come after you.† â€Å"How could he – â€Å" I lightly touched my upper arm, the spot where Kiyo’s nails had barely dug in the other night. I took a deep, shaking breath. â€Å"He marked me,† I said. He’d scratched me the first night we’d met too, leaving a long-healing wound that allowed him to track me wherever I went. This one was smaller but would work just as well. Jasmine was already moving toward the door, so full of tension and purpose that she seemed much older. â€Å"We’ll just go straight to the Otherworld then. You’ll be safe there. Where’s the nearest gateway?† I racked my brain, thinking of our location. â€Å"By Morriswood Park. Farther than I’d like.† â€Å"Well, we have to go soon. If we stay here any longer, the doctor’ll come ask what’s wrong,† said Jasmine. â€Å"And we can’t let Kiyo find us in the parking lot.† â€Å"You’ll never make it to the park in time,† wailed Deanna. I scowled, but she was right. Jasmine looked at me questioningly. For a moment, I considered calling Volusian, but he might happily kill Kiyo and claim it was in my defense. I wasn’t ready for that. â€Å"I know where we can go,† I said. â€Å"Come on.† We left the exam room, stepping out into the hallway. I turned with purpose, opposite the direction of the waiting room we’d entered from. This took us deeper into the clinic, past more examining rooms and their lab. A couple staff members passed us, but we walked confidently enough that no one stopped us. They probably assumed we’d been directed somewhere. Meanwhile, my eyes were searching for an exit sign. There had to be a back door. Surely hypocritical health professionals had to go somewhere to smoke. â€Å"There.† I nodded toward an exit sign, praying it didn’t lead to a fire door, which would be of no use to us. Nope. It was just an ordinary door, one probably used for maintenance or shipments. Someone did notice us then and start to ask what we were doing, but by then, we were outside and behind the building. â€Å"Eugenie, where are we going?† asked Jasmine anxiously. Deanna had faded away, perhaps now finally leaving this world after fulfilling what she believed to be her last duty. As we walked briskly toward my car, some part of me kept wanting to think she’d lied. But why? As she’d said, she had no reason. She’d held true to me before. And with every passing second, I grew more and more conflicted, wondering what I should believe. Kiyo loved me. He’d gone out of his way to win me back †¦ but he was firmly set on protecting the human world. At any cost? We’d see. Deanna was mistaken; she had to be. My worst fate was probably going to be Kiyo’s talking me to death. We got in the car, and I did briefly consider trying to make a break for Morriswood Park and its Otherworldly gate. After all, what was Kiyo going to do? Get in a high speed chase with us? The thing was, with that mark, he would be able to track me. He could probably feel me moving away now. If we headed anywhere near the park he’d figure it out. He’d either try to beat us there or just catch up with us on the other side. No, I had to go somewhere else. Somewhere with protection. Somewhere I could be sure I was safe until all of this madness was settled. Jasmine’s face grew increasingly troubled as we drove away from the doctor’s office. She kept glancing back, as though expecting to see Kiyo right on our bumper. When we turned into a suburban neighborhood, her worry shifted to confusion. â€Å"What is this?† â€Å"Home,† I replied, pulling into the driveway of a well-kept house surrounded by trees and flowers. A fence enclosed the backyard but couldn’t hide the efforts someone had made to turn a Tucson backyard into something lush and green. The gate in the fence was unlocked as I’d known it would be. The yard was unoccupied, save for birds and insects. The house’s patio door had its glass open, covered only by a screen that let in the afternoon air. It too would be unlocked. â€Å"Kiyo won’t really do it,† I muttered, as I jerked the door open. â€Å"Maybe he’s upset †¦ but we can talk this out. Deanna overreacted. We’re overreacting.† We stepped into a small breakfast nook, and in the adjacent kitchen, a man spun around. My heart leapt when I saw him. The familiar, kind face. The graying hair. The tattoos of whorls and fishes. It felt like a lifetime since our last meeting. Roland. I’d gone to my parents’ house. Roland’s reactions were those of a man who’d spent years fighting and training, but even that didn’t prepare him for the sight of us. Astonishment filled his features, quickly giving way to outrage. â€Å"Eugenie! What are you – â€Å" â€Å"Get your weapons,† I ordered, casting an uneasy glance behind me. Jasmine followed as I strode toward him. â€Å"Whatever you’ve got in the house.† He didn’t move. â€Å"You know you’re not – â€Å" â€Å"Get them!† I exclaimed. â€Å"We don’t have time for this!† I don’t know what look I wore on my face, but it was enough to pierce the walls of hurt and anger he’d built between us since learning of my involvement in the Otherworld. I’d taken a risk coming here, a gamble that no matter what happened, Roland would protect me. And I was right. He transformed before my eyes, suddenly the concerned and caring stepfather I’d grown up with. â€Å"What’s – â€Å" Before he could finish, the screen door flew open. Kiyo stood there, face dark and stormy. â€Å"What the hell are you doing?† he demanded. â€Å"Why did you take off?† â€Å"You first,† I said, taking a step back toward Roland. â€Å"What are you doing?† Jasmine moved to my other side. My eyes were on Kiyo, but I could sense Roland bracing for battle. Maybe he didn’t know what was going on, but anyone could have seen how dangerous Kiyo was. â€Å"I wanted to talk to you, and you disappeared!† Kiyo moved forward a little but stopped, recognizing the united front that Roland and I – and yes, even Jasmine – presented. â€Å"Talk? Is that all you wanted to do?† â€Å"Yes. Of course.† Kiyo glanced between all of us. â€Å"You promised, Eugenie. You promised if it was a boy, you’d get rid of it.† â€Å"There’s a girl too!† I exclaimed. â€Å"You can’t get rid of one without the other.† â€Å"It doesn’t matter,† he said. â€Å"The consequences are too big.† â€Å"I can’t kill an innocent. She hasn’t done anything.† â€Å"Not directly. Letting her live means he lives. And there’s nothing innocent there. He can’t live. Eugenie, you know that. I’m not trying to be cruel. Please. Do what’s right.† Jasmine and Roland remained silent as this drama played out. Meanwhile, I realized how sickened the language of this whole matter continued to make me. Get rid of it. He can’t live. â€Å"You’re so quick to kill your own children,† I said in disbelief, echoing what Jasmine had said a few days before. â€Å"Don’t you feel any remorse? You know better than me what it’s like to be a parent!† â€Å"Yes,† he said, clenching his fists. â€Å"I do know. And it’s amazing. I wish you could know what it’s like†¦.† â€Å"But I can’t? I can’t have the same chance you and Maiwenn had?† Kiyo shook his head. â€Å"You aren’t the same as Maiwenn. You can’t ever be.† It was like a gut-punch. I was stunned into silence, and a bit of his fierceness eased. I think he read my reaction as acceptance. â€Å"Look, I don’t get this,† he said. â€Å"I don’t get why you’re resisting all of this after what you’ve always said! You never wanted a baby – any baby. If you’ve changed your mind, then †¦ well, try again. You just can’t have these.† â€Å"And what then? I just keep having abortions until a girl comes along? What kind of a sick bastard are you?† I moved forward without realizing it, my anger exploding. Roland put a hand on my arm, keeping me back. It wasn’t affection. It was a warning. It was defensive strategy, keeping us together. â€Å"I’m trying to protect the human world,† Kiyo said. He hadn’t come any closer, but he was as ready as we were, his reflexes even faster. â€Å"And you should be too.† â€Å"And what happens if I don’t do what you want?† I asked quietly. Here it was, the moment of truth. He sighed. â€Å"I don’t want it to come to that.† â€Å"To what?† My voice rose sharply, the anguish in me ready to explode. â€Å"What will you do?† â€Å"I’ll take you to Maiwenn – by force. And then †¦ and then she’ll take care of it.† â€Å"The hell you will,† I said. Goddamnit, I wished I had a weapon. I almost always traveled with them – but not to the doctor’s office. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw Roland’s hand rest on the counter and wrap around something. A wand. He’d had his wand in the kitchen. But of course he would. Unlike me, he hadn’t become careless. â€Å"I’ll never let that happen. You guys aren’t going to experiment on me!† Kiyo’s face displayed a mix of emotions. There was sorrow and disappointment. He did care. He didn’t want this fight between us – but he also believed in his greater good. He believed he had to do anything to stop the prophecy, and I knew then that Deanna had spoken the truth. Ideally, he just wanted the pregnancy to end. If that wasn’t possible, then I was what needed to be eliminated. â€Å"How can you do this?† he asked, his voice both a threat and a plea. â€Å"How can you risk all this – just to save one life?† It was only in that moment, as the words left my lips, that I learned the truth about myself, what I’d been holding deep inside. The girl and boy thing didn’t matter. Only the heartbeats did – those tiny, rapid heartbeats pounding in my ears †¦ â€Å"I’m not,† I told him. â€Å"I’m saving two lives.† I sealed my fate with that. Kiyo moved so fast that I wasn’t prepared for the attack. He sprang toward me, shape-shifting as he did into his giant fox form, fangs out, snarling. A blast of wind slowed – but didn’t stop – his leap, providing enough time for Roland to jerk me out of the way. The wind magic hadn’t come from me. It had been Jasmine, which was why the power hadn’t packed much of a punch. The unaccustomed magic left her gasping, but it had been enough to buy us a brief escape. Roland pulled me out of the kitchen, out to where we had more space to maneuver in the living room. Kiyo followed without hesitation, all brute strength and speed. â€Å"He can be banished,† I gasped out to Roland. â€Å"The same as a gentry.† Roland gave a brisk nod of acknowledgment. He already knew this, but in the sudden flurry, he didn’t have the necessary pause to do a full banishing. Kiyo reached us, throwing himself on me and pushing me away from Roland. I fell hard to the ground, Kiyo’s weight pinning me there. As quickly as he’d turned fox, he transformed back into a man. Still displaying amazing speed, he pulled me up by the arm. I didn’t know if his intentions were simply to cart me out of the house or to attempt a world-jump then and there, but I didn’t give him the chance. I’d recovered my senses and took hold of my magic. The air grew thick, and a hurricane-worthy gust blasted him away – along with a substantial part of my parents’ furniture. Kiyo grimaced as he regained his footing and agonizingly took one step at a time toward me. â€Å"Damn it!† he yelled over the roar of the wind. â€Å"Stop this!† â€Å"You stop this!† I shouted back. The magic burned in my blood, and no matter how annoyingly weak the pregnancy had made me, my power hadn’t diminished too much. â€Å"We don’t even know that this prophecy’s real! I’ve already met one fake seeress. It could all be for nothing.† Roland and my mother had once told me that prophecies were a dime a dozen in the Otherworld, and I’d seen that to a certain extent. Until now, I’d never wanted to take the chance that mine wouldn’t come true. â€Å"But we don’t know!† Kiyo countered. I could see the irritation on his face. I was keeping a storm raging around me, one that held him at bay while hopefully Roland began a banishing. â€Å"We can’t risk it. Please. Please come back with me to Maiwenn. We’ll fix this.† I didn’t answer and instead kept the storm going. My gaze stayed on Kiyo, but I felt the tingle of shamanic magic – human magic – beginning to glimmer. Roland was indeed performing a banishing spell. Kiyo transformed into a fox again, and with that extra strength, he managed to push through the storm-shield around me and knock me to the ground again. He stayed as a fox this time, holding onto that strength. His teeth bit into my shirt, through to my shoulder, and I yelled out in pain. My magic wavered, and to my astonishment, he began dragging me – slowly – across the living room. His progress was halted when a small end table slammed into his back. I tell you, those things are lethal. Instinctively, he reared up against his attacker: Jasmine. He shoved her away, and she stumbled back. Snarling, Kiyo returned to me, and I had the uneasy feeling my odds were getting worse as to whether he’d cart me away or just kill me. He could hold on to human thoughts in fox form, but they became increasingly influenced by animal reactions the longer he stayed transformed. He suddenly looked away from me, gold eyes on Roland, who stood planted firmly across the room with his wand extended. I’d sensed the banishing earlier because of my training. Now, with the spell in full force, Kiyo could feel it too. Abandoning me for the new threat, Kiyo raced toward Roland. I screamed as all that animal power slammed into my stepfather, pinning him against the wall. The wand flew from Roland’s hand. The banishing spell disintegrated. Kiyo shifted to human form again, still trapping Roland. Roland was strong but couldn’t match Kiyo’s strength. Struggling was useless. â€Å"Stop it,† cried Kiyo. â€Å"Both of you.† His arm pressed against Roland’s neck. Roland managed a gasp as the grip cut off his air. Immediately, I let the storm magic around me drop. As I did, I felt that Jasmine had been lending her strength to me without me even realizing it. She too ceased her wielding and struggled up from where she’d been knocked down, coming to stand with me once again. The room fell eerily still. â€Å"Let him go,† I growled, moving slightly forward. I knew I couldn’t win against Kiyo in a physical fight, but I also couldn’t let him harm Roland. â€Å"This isn’t about him. Don’t hurt him.† â€Å"Believe me,† said Kiyo, â€Å"I don’t want to.† His eyes were dark and human again, but there was still some feral glint in there. â€Å"Come with me, and I’ll release him.† â€Å"Come with you,† I said flatly. â€Å"To Maiwenn’s?† â€Å"You’ll thank me later,† said Kiyo. My mind raced frantically. Roland was struggling for breath. How much longer did he have? Would Kiyo really kill him? I wondered if I could get off another blast of magic. Another attack of wind? Lightning? I could create a controlled bolt indoors, but it’d probably kill both men. And if I went with Kiyo †¦ let him take me to Maiwenn †¦ well. There’d be no getting out of that, no escape. Roland looked ready to pass out. His blue eyes were fixed on me, and then, quickly, he glanced toward my feet. I thought it was him about to lose consciousness, but then I saw the purpose in his eyes. His wand was near my feet, within easy reach. I didn’t let on to Kiyo that I’d noticed. Roland’s eyes returned to me, some message there. â€Å"Please,† I begged, wondering frantically what Roland wanted me to do. â€Å"Let him go.† I couldn’t pull off a banishing spell. There wasn’t enough time. Kiyo would release Roland, true, but then I’d be the one attacked again. I honestly didn’t know how long Kiyo would play it safe. He was attempting â€Å"reasonable† solutions: force me to go to Maiwenn, blackmail with Roland, et cetera. Sooner or later, if he truly believed the prophecy’s threat, he would simply eliminate me. Roland was still staring at me, still wanting me to do something he thought would save us. He’d trained me. Surely I could figure it out. I had to. What could a wand do? It cast spells. It banished creatures, sending them out of this world†¦. I felt my eyes widen. I knew what he was telling me to do. Doing it would save him, I was certain, because Kiyo would release him and come after me †¦ into the Otherworld. Roland wanted me to open a gateway for myself. I could do it. It was a fast spell, one I had the power for. Forcing another being through was what took so much time and effort. But opening the gate and stepping through? That could be done quickly. If it could be done. Getting in was easy. Passing through the worlds unassisted was hard, and I’d even had trouble going through fixed, physical gates lately in my weakened state. Making a blind, unaided transition might not even be possible for me. I’d done it once before, and it had required a lot of power. And dear God, had it hurt. If I could do it, though †¦ I’d get away from Kiyo, and Kiyo would let Roland go in order to chase me down. This could buy me the time to flee to safety. The only thing that might make it possible was that I had anchors in the Otherworld to help pull me in. If I jumped with no solid destination, I could end up trapped between the worlds, my essence disintegrated. Hell, that might still happen, but an anchor would reduce the likelihood. I didn’t know where I was in relation to the Otherworld’s layout, but the closest anchor would pull me in if this worked. Time to find out. With speed that rivaled Kiyo’s, I reached for the wand and then grabbed hold of Jasmine’s hand. Bringing her only made my task more difficult, but I wouldn’t leave her to Kiyo. With the wand, I summoned the necessary magic and ripped open a gate to the Otherworld. Kiyo realized what was happening and released Roland, trying to reach me – but it was too late. I threw myself into the opening, clinging to Jasmine, and knew it would shut immediately behind us, simply because I couldn’t hold open a personal gate for long. It felt just as painful as last time, like I was crashing through the floors in a building. Down, down, down. Smash, smash, smash. Each layer was more agonizing than the last, and with each blow, I felt like I was being torn apart. It was likely I was, and I would destroy Jasmine with me, ripping our souls from our bodies. Then, I sensed a tug. My soul turned toward it, and I felt my fractured self coalesce and become whole, even as that falling, excruciating sensation continued. Then – there was only one impact left: a real one. Jasmine and I slammed into a hard stone floor. My body cried out at the pain. True, physical pain. I had already been hurting from the fight with Kiyo, and now, crashing through the worlds had taken that pain to new levels. Nausea welled up in me, and I fought hard not to throw up. I could hear Jasmine whimpering, but the sights around us were a blur as my disoriented mind tried to get a hold of itself. Finally, the world came into focus, the colors and lines growing sharp once more. A faint hum of magic in the air, one that was always present, told me I’d made it intact to the Otherworld. And Dorian was looking down at me. How to cite Iron Crowned Chapter 24, Essay examples

Change Management And Performance Management - Free Sample Solution

Question: Successful change management can only be achieved if performance management is already instigated. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Answer: Abstract This is a study done on Change Management and Performance Management. It evaluates into detail the meaning and concept of each of two forms of management, and also provides the relationship between them, explaining the interdependence between the two and why the integration of the two is necessary. Change Management Change management is an efficient way to deal with managing change both from the viewpoint of an association and the person. A fairly uncertain term, change management has no less than three unique viewpoints, including: adjusting to change, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive way to deal with managing change is at the base of every one of the three angles. For an association, change administration means characterizing and actualizing systems and/or innovations to manage changes in the business environment and to benefit from evolving open doors. In a data innovation (IT) framework environment, change administration alludes to an orderly way to deal with staying informed regarding the points of interest of the framework (for instance, what working framework discharge is running on every PC and which fixes have been connected). (Rouse) Performance Management Performance Management is a procedure by which supervisors and workers cooperate to arrange, screen and survey a worker's work goals and general commitment to the association. More than only a yearly execution survey, performance management is the persistent procedure of setting destinations, evaluating advance and giving on-set training and input to guarantee that representatives are meeting their goals and vocation objectives.(hrcouncil.ca) Reason why is Change Management required We apply change management on the grounds that change administration has a particular and pointed concentrate on advantage acknowledgment and accomplishing the wanted results and results of progress. It is consequently that, when setting out on our change administration ventures, we start because of the end. The end, on account of change management, is driving effective change - the methods are applying an organized way to deal with helping individual workers embrace and capably utilize changes that affect them. (Prosci) Link between Management and Change Management At the point when an association presents a change with a task or activity, that change should be successfully overseen on both the specialized side and the individuals side. A technical side focus guarantees that the change is produced, composed and conveyed successfully. The control of undertaking administration gives the structure, procedures and instruments the opportunity to execute the task well. An individuals side focus guarantees that the change is grasped, embraced and used by the representatives who need to carry out their employments diversely as an after-effect of the venture. The order of change management gives the structure, procedures and devices to get this going. Project management and change management both mean to improve the probability that tasks or activities convey the planned results and results. While every order can work freely, the best approach is to incorporate change administration and task administration to make a brought together way to deal with executing change on the specialized front and individuals side front. This instructional exercise exhibits an outline of incorporating change administration and task administration, including late information on the adequacy of integration. (Price, 2010) Project Management and Change Management should be integrated due to the following reasons: Enables a mutual target At the point when project management and change administration are coordinated, the endeavours of both can be engaged toward a particular target - enhancing the execution of the association by effectively executing a change that conveys the expected results and results. Enables proactive steps At the point when change management is coordinated into the undertaking administration steps, endeavours to deal with the individuals side of progress can all the more proactively distinguish and alleviate dangers, location expected hindrances and resistance, and manufacture responsibility and purchase in for the change. Enables sequencing and arrangement At the point when specialized exercises and individuals side exercises are incorporated, the right steps can be taken at the perfect time in the undertaking lifecycle to help workers grasp the change and produce the right results for the task. Enables a trade of data Incorporating change management and project management exercises enhances the stream of data. On the front end, the coordinated methodology aides guarantee that affected representatives are getting the proper messages. On the back end, it aides guarantee that the undertaking group gets successful input on reception, use and response to the change. (Prosci) Change Management and Performance Management A few individuals erroneously expect that performance management is concerned just with taking after administrative prerequisites to evaluate and rate execution. Really, allocating appraisals of record is standing out a piece of the general procedure (and maybe the slightest critical part). Performance Management is the efficient procedure of: arranging work and setting desires, consistently checking execution, building up the ability to perform, intermittently evaluating execution in a rundown design, and Remunerating great execution. One of the reasons that change activities fall flat in business is on account of representatives are left hazy about what those progressions intend to them at the execution level. To put it plainly, they don't realize what they have to do another way to roll out the improvement work what your desires of them are . Performance Management starts with getting clarity with our workers about our desires about portraying the properties we require our representatives to illustrate. (Henshaw) Change, for example, new structures, strategies, targets, acquisitions, transfers, re-areas, and so forth., all make new frameworks and situations, which should be disclosed to individuals presently conceivable, so that individuals' association in accepting and refining the progressions themselves can be gotten. At whatever point an association forces new things on individuals there will be challenges. Investment, contribution and open, early, full correspondence are the essential variables. Workshops are exceptionally valuable procedures to create aggregate comprehension, approaches, strategies, routines, frameworks, thoughts, and so on. Staffs reviews are a useful approach to repair harm and question among staff - if you permit individuals to finish them secretly, and gave you distribute and follow up on the discoveries. Management training, compassion and facilitative ability are need ranges - directors are significant to the change process - they must empower and encourage, not just pass on and execute arrangement from above, which does not work. The pioneer must concur and work with these thoughts, or change is prone to be exceptionally agonizing, and the best individuals will be lost all the while. (Businessballs) Conclusion So the performance management system acts as a moderator in the change management. It helps to create better psychological contract within an organization which is very important in change management(Rousseau, 1989). It helps also to reduce the resistance to change because fundamental to the successful change management is that employees need to accept the change and acknowledge it. Lastly better performance management system helps to maintain the sustainability within the organization sometimes it has been observed that implementing changes caused decay. Proper performance management system helps to maintain behavioural balance within the organization and aligns towards organizations goals. According to me successful change management can be achieved if there is a well-established performance management system and then only it is possible to experience a successful change management in an organization. References 1. What is change management? - Definition from WhatIs.com (2015) Available at: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/change-management (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 2. Performance Management Keeping the Right People HR Toolkit (no date) Available at: https://hrcouncil.ca/hr-toolkit/keeping-people-performance-management.cfm (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 3. Change management, benefit realization, results and outcomes (no date) Available at: https://www.change-management.com/tutorial-end-in-mind.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 4. Risk Management -- The Relationship Between Project Change Management - www.itsmwatch.com (no date) Available at: https://www.itsmwatch.com/itil/article.php/3911821/Risk-Management--The-Relationship-Between-Project--Change-Management.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 5. Integrating change management and project management (no date) Available at: https://www.change-management.com/tutorial-integrating-cm-pm.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 6. Effective Performance Management: Doing What Comes Naturally (no date) Available at: https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/performance-management/reference-materials/more-topics/effective-performance-management-doing-what-comes-naturally/ (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 7. Performance Management and Managing Change | Managing Employee Performance (no date) Available at: https://managing-employee-performance.com/clear-what-want-from-employees/ (Accessed: 4 July 2015) 8. change management principles, process, tips and change theory and models (no date) Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/changemanagement.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2015)

Spender And Sankichi Two Views Of Disaster free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Stephen Spender # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Epilogue to a Human Drama # 8221 ; and Toge Sankichi # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; are poems detailing the devastation of two metropoliss, London and Hiroshima, severally, during or after World War II bombardments. Spender wrote # 8220 ; Epilogue to a Human Drama, # 8221 ; afterlife referred to as # 8220 ; Epilogue, # 8221 ; after a December air foray of London during the Battle of Britain, which ravaged and razed much of England from Summer 1940 until Spring 1941. Sankichi wrote # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; from his graphic remembrances of the surprise atomic bombardment of Hiroshima, which decimated the Nipponese metropolis in less than a 2nd. Both the Battle of Britain and Hiroshima were atrocious, senseless, and barbarous incidents that exacted gave tolls on guiltless victims. Spender endured the Battle of Britain, and Sankichi experienced the horror of Hiroshima. The poets # 8217 ; responses differ greatly in manner and position, but each work clearly defines the branchings of atrociousnesss such as those committed against Spender, Sankichi, and the populations of London and Hiroshima. We will write a custom essay sample on Spender And Sankichi Two Views Of Disaster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page England # 8217 ; s Royal Air Force battled Germany # 8217 ; s Luftwaffe from August 1940 until May 1941. During that struggle, England was subjected to air foraies twenty-four hours and dark. When Hitler eventually withdrew his birds of war, four hundred thousand British citizens had been killed, 46 1000 had been earnestly wounded, and one million places had been leveled. After one foray, a alleviation squad helped a adult female who had covered been covered in powdery brick and plaster and was shed blooding abundantly. As they aided her, she repeated four words continually in a tone of quiet panic: # 8220 ; Man # 8217 ; s inhumaneness to adult male Man # 8217 ; s inhumaneness to adult male # 8221 ; ( Jablonski 148 ) . Stephen Spender was in London for the continuance of the bombardments. He saw the destruction of environing edifices. He heard the monotone of nearing bombers. He smelled the fume of ramping hells. In his autobiography World Within World, Spender describes his mental status during the foraies as a # 8220 ; trance-like status # 8221 ; and depict how he forced himself to believe of topographic points and things as simply mental constructs in order to avoid losing mental control ( 285 ) . Hiroshima # 8217 ; s devastation came without warning. Nipponese High Command, which was located Hiroshima # 8217 ; s ancient palace, was alerted early to the attack of the Enola Gay by an observation station on the island of Shikoku. The High Command elected to sound no air raid warning because they considered it senseless to interrupt work in local armament mills due to a individual plane ( Bruckner 98 ) . At exactly 8:15 AM local clip, the fuse was illuminated inside the falling bomb. Seconds subsequently, in a blinding flash of sheer energy, several million grades of heat were unleashed on the people of Hiroshima. In less than a 2nd, 86 thousand one hundred work forces, adult females, and kids were burned to decease. Seventy-two 1000 were badly injured ; many of who would decease subsequently from atomic bomb illness ( Bruckner 99 ) . Many subsisters of Hiroshima topographic point thanks for their lives on # 8220 ; many little points of opportunity or volition-a measure taken in clip, a determination to travel indoors, catching one street auto alternatively of the following # 8220 ; ( Hersey 30 ) . Toge Sankichi is one such subsister. In the debut to his verse form # 8220 ; Dying, # 8221 ; Sankichi reveals that he was three kilometres from Ground Zero and fixing to see downtown Hiroshima when the bomb detonated ( 29 ) . If he had left a few proceedingss earlier, Sankichi would non hold survived the first few minutes. Alternatively, he sustained cuts from sherds of glass and atomic bomb illness, which may hold contributed to his early death in 1953. Spender # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Epilogue # 8221 ; and Sankichi # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; differ dramatically in presentation. The rubrics illustrate the basic contrast. Spender # 8217 ; s verse form is an epilogue to what he compares to a drama: It is written after a foray is over and is a contemplation of what Spender has witnessed. Sankichi # 8217 ; s poem possesses immediateness because his narrative begins at the minute of explosion. Spender focuses his attending on the metropolis of London as a whole. This point of view is possible because he had already experient months of barrage and had tried to divide himself mentally from the events transpirating around him. Critic A.K. Weatherhead noted that Spender # 8217 ; s verse forms are # 8220 ; detached from the mundane things of the universe # 8221 ; ( 323 ) . This is evidently true for # 8220 ; Epilogue, # 8221 ; and Spender describes his efforts at withdrawal in his autobiography ( 285 ) . He surveys the effects of a # 8220 ; human play # 8221 ; on the metropolis as a whole. Spender inside informations the effects on the West End, around St. Paul # 8217 ; s Cathedral, and on the psyche of London. Sankichi is caught in the abruptness of the atomic work stoppage. Hiroshima had non suffered months of bombardments as London had. Sankichi was non anticipating the onslaught. Sankichi can non afford to mime Spender # 8217 ; s withdrawal. # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; is non a intentionally designed contemplation like # 8220 ; Epilogue. # 8221 ; Alternatively, it is a panicky recording of a rapid assault of helter-skelter images. # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; depicts merely what is happening in the writer # 8217 ; s immediate locality. The surprise and abruptness of the bombardment prevent Sankichi from appraising the harm on a broad graduated table. He is excessively aghast and confused to believe about anything except what is in his immediate field of vision. Aside from difference in point of views, these two verse forms differ significantly in manner. Spender writes # 8220 ; Epilogue # 8221 ; in a series of stanzas. Possessing no rhyming or rhythmic form, the stanzas are alternatively divided by subject. The first stanza describes physical harm to London. Daiches # 8217 ; s remark that Spender # 8220 ; could demo a quiet descriptive control in descriptive or confessional poetry # 8221 ; is obvious in this stanza ( 322 ) . Spender paints a verbal wall painting of when # 8220 ; the gas brinies burned bluish and gilded / And stucco and brick were pulverized to a cloud / Pungent with odors of mice, dust, Allium sativum, anxiousness # 8221 ; ( 2-4 ) . These descriptions provide emotional fuel for his accusals in the undermentioned stanza. In the 2nd stanza Spender discusses his sentiment that this devastation could hold been prevented. In lines ten through 12 he states that, # 8220 ; Then the one voice through deserted streets / Was t he Cassandra bell which rang an vitamin D rang and ran / Released at last by clip, † comparing the air raid warning to the prophesier Cassandra, whose anticipations were ever true but neer heeded. In his autobiography, Spender explicitly states that Hitler could hold been stopped in the 1930s and that the war could hold been easy avoided ( 202 ) . The 3rd stanza discusses London’s resiliency and leads into the metaphor of the catastrophe as a play. Spender notes that â€Å"London burned with tough-minded dignity† ( 16 ) . St. Paul’s Cathedral is used in the stanza to typify that self-respect. On December 29, 1940, the cathedral stood virtually unharmed as edifices environing it were consumed by blazings. Emergency crews around the cathedral noticed that an arsonist was lodged in the building’s dome, readily to fall indoors and destruct the centuries-old church. To everyone’s astonishment, the arsonist fell the other manner and rolled off the dome onto the street below, go fo rthing the cathedral intact ( Jablonski 146 ) . This intension provides the power behind Spender’s usage of the cathedral as a metaphor for London’s self-respect. The concluding stanza is the metaphor of the bombardment as a drama. Spender makes London, place to countless phases, as a expansive phase on which â€Å"there were heroes, maidens, saps, / Victims, a Chorus† ( 27-28 ) . He defines the actions of the participants. â€Å"The heroes, † presumptively the RAF, fight courageously. â€Å"The fools† attempt to do visible radiation of the state of affairs with gags. â€Å"The victims† delay for aid. â€Å"The Chorus, † who are the voluntary alleviation crews, aid victims make sense of the fortunes by â€Å"Praising the heroes, deploring the ethical motives of the wicked / Underlining penalty, warranting Doom to Truth† ( 34-35 ) . While # 8220 ; Epilogue # 8221 ; is brooding and deliberate, # 8220 ; Dying # 8221 ; is immediate and pressing. Sankichi # 8217 ; s manner bears no gloss of order. It begins with dismay and ends with confusion. There is no effort to do sense of what has happened. While Spender uses symbolism, Sankichi has no demand for it. His graphic images of bloodstained pandemonium communicate on much stronger frequences than any possible symbol. There is no thoughtful argument or metaphoric account. Sankichi fires direct descriptions that explain all possible dimensions of panic. The gap lines send the reader hurtling into dismay. Sankichi begins: ! Loud in my ear: shrieks. Noiselessly welling up, swooping on me: infinite, all upside down. ( 1-5 ) The lines are crisp and blunt, reading like the panicky descriptions of a adult male short of breath, which is exactly what they are. Sankichi # 8217 ; s brief but rough poetry arrests the attending of the reader, bludgeoning him with manic word pictures of hurting and pandemonium. The first line, dwelling of merely an exclaiming point, explains a daze so powerful that no words could depict its impact. Sankichi realizes that he is on fire. He douses himself with H2O, and # 8220 ; The apparels I splash H2O on / burn, bead off: / gone # 8221 ; ( 24-26 ) . It is an extra five lines, likely really less than a 2nd, before he realizes that a sheet of liquefied lead is attached to his dorsum. He screams in torment as # 8220 ; Eddies / of fire and fume / blow down on my broken caput # 8221 ; ( 36-38 ) . Sankichi succeeds in conveying horror by non depicting the horror. He merely depict what is atrocious: He does non necessitate to state that it is atrocious for the reader to understand the feeling. Sankichi describes # 8220 ; stomachs distended like great membranophones # 8221 ; along the route ( 56 ) . He sees spots of flesh, an orb, and encephalon affair. As the reader becomes overwhelmed by these awful images, so does Sankichi. His organic structure still shrilling with hurting, he falls to the land. His daze rapidly becomes confusion. Sankichi # 8217 ; s last lines are: Why? Why here by the side of the route cut off, beloved, from you ; why must I dice ? ( 78-86 ) These two plants and writers take really different attacks to the devastation happening around them. Spender is detached and brooding ; Sankichi is involved and immediate. They do, nevertheless, portion confusion as to what is go oning to their several metropoliss. Spender, appraising the harm, realizes this could hold been prevented. Sankichi, witnessing impossible horror, merely asks # 8220 ; Why? # 8221 ; ( 78 ) . Each of these verse forms serve as a testament to readers who have neer experienced war of the frequently imagined but neer to the full appreciated costs of war and adult male # 8217 ; s inhumaneness to adult male. Plants Cited Bruckner, Karl. The Day of the Bomb. Trans. French republics Lobb. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. , 1962, 98-99. Daiches, David. The Present Age in British Literature. N.p. : Indiana University Press, 1958, 48-49. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1973, 322. Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. , 1946, 30. Jablonski, Edward. Panic from the Sky. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1971, 144-148. Sankichi, Toge. Introduction. # 8220 ; Dying. # 8221 ; by Sankichi. Trans. Richard H. Minear. Poems for the Millennium: The University of California Book of Modern and Postmodern Poetry Volume Two. Ed. Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998, 29. Sankichi, Toge. # 8220 ; Dying. # 8221 ; Trans. Richard H. Minear. Poems for the Millennium: The University of California Book of Modern and Postmodern Poetry Volume Two. Ed. Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998, 29-31. Spender, Stephen. # 8220 ; Epilogue to a Human Drama. # 8221 ; Collected Poems. New York: Random House, 1955, 134-135. Spender, Stephen. World Within World: The Autobiography of Stephen Spender. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Weatherhead, A.K. # 8220 ; Stephen Spender: Lyric Impulse and Will. # 8221 ; Comtemporary Literature. Vol. 12, No. 4. N.p. : Regents of the University of Wisconsin, 1971, 451-465. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1973, 323. 35c

craigslist killer Essays

craigslist killer Essays craigslist killer Essay craigslist killer Essay Below is a free essay on The Craigslist Killer from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. As America shifts into a technological age, practically every aspect of our daily lives is influenced by technology. This influence has extended to the way crimes are committed, as evidenced clearly by a murderer known as The Craigslist Killer. A medical student at Boston University named Philip Markoff is alleged to have committed the crimes attributed to this killer. The Background of Philip Markoff Born on February 12, 1986 in Sherrill, New York, Philip Haynes Markoffwas born to parents who quickly divorced. He was raised as a Catholic by his mother and step- father while his biological father resided in Syracuse, New York as a dentist with his second wife. His mother was a homemaker until her second divorce, when she took a Job at Turning Stone Casino to support Markoff, his biological brother and his half- sister. During his high school years, he excelled in both academics and xtracurricular activities, participating in National Honor Society, the History Club, the Youth Court, and the bowling team. Teammates that Markoff bowled with reports that Markoff enjoyed to bet on games almost as much as he enjoyed playing in them, but this was the only slightly negative thing to be said about him. Teachers describe him as a good, hardworking, intelligent student. His dedication to his schoolwork never faded as he entered SUNY Albany as a pre-med student. Markoff graduated in a mere three years summa cum laude and went on to attend med school at Boston University School of Medicine where he was a second year student at the time of his alleged crimes. During his time at SUNY Albany, Markoff volunteered at Albany Medical Center Hospital, primarily in the emergency room. It was while volunteering that he met his fianc? ©e, Megan McAllister. Recreationally during this time, Markoff continued his gambling habit, furthering it to the point that he was playing poker nearly every weekend all night. He could not stand to lose and refused to walk away anything

Capacity to be bound to the contract

Capacity to be bound to the contract Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Capacity to be bound to the contract In the aspect of law, a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties which contain elements of a valid legal agreement which is enforceable by law. An agreement is said to be reached when an offer offered by the offeree has been accept by the acceptor as an acceptance. These parties must have the capacity to be bound to the contract and the contract must not be insignificant, vague, unfeasible, or against the law. In daily life, most contracts can be and are made orally, such as purchasing a can drink or stationeries. Any oral agreement between two parties can form a legal binding contract as long as the good or service provided is legal. However, some contracts require material evidence, written documents for example purchasing a house as sometimes written contracts are required by either the parties, or by statutory law within various jurisdictions. When disputes arise among parties of the contract, the courts will have t o decide the judgment based on wheatear to place emphasis on intention of parties to the contract or other policy of considerations. 2.0 Intention to Create Legal Relations 2.1 Definition The Law recognizes that often the parties do not intend to create a legally binding contract. The law therefore says that there must be an intention to create legal relations and make a distinction between social and domestic agreement (where the assumption is that there is no intention to create legal relations) and commercial and business agreements (where the law assumes that the parties intend the agreement to be legally binding). 2.2 Social and Domestic Agreements 2.2.1 Agreements treated as not legally binding The cases suggest that agreements within families will generally be treated as not legally binding. For example, in Jones V Padavattan (1969), Mrs. Jones offered a monthly allowance to her daughter if she would give up her job in the USA and come to England and study to become a barrist er. Because of accommodation problems, Mrs. Jones bought a house in London, where the daughter lived and received rents from other tenants. They later quarreled and the mother sought repossession of the house. The courts decided that there was no intention to create legal relations and that all the arrangements were just part of ordinary family life. Therefore, the mother was not liable on the maintenance agreement and could also claim the house. In Balfour V Balfour (1919), the issue was the promise made by a husband to pay his wife allowance while he was abroad. He failed to keep up the payments when the marriage broke down. The wife sued but it was held that arrangements between husband and wives are not contracts because the parties do not intend them to be legally binding. The court also decided that she had given no consideration for the husband’s promise. 2.2.2 Agreements treated as legally binding In the case of Merritt V Merritt (1970), the husband had already left h is wife and they met to make arrangements for the future. The husband agreed to pay 40 pounds per month maintenance, out of which the wife would pay the mortgage. When the mortgage was paid off he would transfer the house from joint names to the wife’s name. He wrote this down and signed the paper, but later refused to transfer the house. The court was held that when the agreement was made, the husband and wife were no longer living together; therefore they must have intended the agreement to be binging and their intention to base their future actions on the agreement was evidenced by the writing. The husband had to transfer the house to the wife.

Short Answer Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Short Answer Questions - Essay Example The model acknowledges that the judges’ decisions are controlled by certain constraints. In this regard, judges must act in accordance with the outlined constraints to ensure that justice and fairness are maintained. The legal model acknowledges that the judges submit to the provisions of law. The model recognizes that the judges operate under the provisions of the constitution. The model that best describes the behavior of Supreme Court justices is the legal model. The model highlights the importance of the rule of law in search of justice. In addition, the model outlines the various functions of the constitution in regulating decision-making by judges. In essence, the model provides the structure of the judiciary and the appropriate process to be followed. There exist many differences between courts and public opinion. For instance, the courts are formed in accordance with the constitution and the rule of law. On the other hand, public opinion develops out of people’s view. In addition, the court follows certain procedures in solving disputes while public opinion has no outlined procedure for addressing issues. The phrase that the courts need legitimacy and support from the public to get their policies implemented means that the judicial system must win the public faith to be effective. In essence, the courts require public support in order to make the rulings acceptable and effective. It is worth noting that the courts rely on the members of public for support since the law largely focuses on the well-being of the common people. Apparently, public opinion has a great influence on the decisions made in court (Geer et al. 177) For instance, the court has to seek public views in deciding some cases since they affect the entire society. It is crucial to identify that the court cannot make or decisions on their own. In essence, the members of the public have to be involved at some point. The courts should embrace the public opinion

Color and the Visible Spectrum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Color and the Visible Spectrum - Research Paper Example The visible spectrum range is located on the electromagnetic spectrum within ranging from 780 nanometer to 390 nanometers. The narrow band forms the ROYGBIV, as will be discussed in the body of the project. The following is a representation of a visible light spectrum within the electromagnetic wave spectrum: From the image above, it is clear that within each spectrum division of visible light range there is a particular color to that cause. Consequently, this brings the concept of retina perceiving specific color sensation when light consisting of certain wavelength drops on the retina. Isaac Newtont illustrates this aspect by using the light shining on prism. The prism divides the light shining through into various wavelengths thereby showing the various color components of the visible light. Each color produced therein is a representation of a particular wavelength; the wavelengths are what cause the varying amounts of bend exhibited by each color. upon this discussion comes the aspect of dispersion, which is simply refers to the process of separation of visible light into various distinct colors. In the presence of a prism, as shown in the image, dispersion of visible light results to the colors red (R), orange (O), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), and violet (V) (Gomes & Velho, 98). The abbreviations therein give visible light the name ROY G BIV (Even though Indigo (I) is usually not depicted within the spectrum range, it is arbitrarily added to produce a vowel for Roy’s name that comes last). From the spectrum, red has the longer wavelengths meaning it can be easily seen while violet has the shorted wavelength, which confirm the rarity of human eye seeing it. The following is an image showing the visible light spectrum with description: The distinct types of cones characterized by photo-pigments in humans, allows them to have sensitivity to three

Self Esteem Essay Example for Free

Self Esteem Essay People who base their own self-worth on what others think and not on their value as human beings might pay a mental and physical price, according to research by Jennifer Crocker, PhD, a psychologist at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. Crocker, who has worked on a series of self-esteem studies, found in her latest research that college students who based their self-worth on external sourcesincluding appearance, approval from others and even their academic performancereported more stress, anger, academic problems, relationship conflicts, and had higher levels of drug and alcohol use and symptoms of eating disorders. For the study, Crocker surveyed more than 600 college freshmen three times during the yearbefore they left for college and at the end of the fall and spring semesters. Overall, students were found to have a high level of self-esteem. When students were asked about what they base their self-worth on, more than 80 percent said academic competence, 77 percent said their familys support, 66 percent said doing better than others, and 65 percent70 percent of which were womensaid their appearance. College students who based their self-worth on academic performance did not receive higher grades despite being highly motivated and studying more hours each week than students who did not rate academic performance as important to their self-esteem, Crocker found. Students who based their self-worth on academic outcomes also were more likely to report conflicts with professors and greater stress. They feel motivated to do well in academics, but having their self-worth on the line doesnt help their performance, Crocker says. She speculates that students who base their self-worth on academic performance might become anxious and distracted and threatened by feelings of failure, and, as such, their anxiety might then interfere with their memory. Students who based their self-esteem on internal sourcessuch as being a virtuous person or adhering to moral standardswere found to receive higher grades and less likely to use alcohol and drugs or to develop eating disorders. We really think that if people could adopt goals not focused on their own self-esteem but on something larger than their selfsuch as what they can create or contribute to othersthan they would be less susceptible to some of the negative effects of pursuing self-esteem, Crocker says. Its about having a goal that is bigger than the self.

Essay --

Child Obesity Six through eleven year old obese children have increased from seven percent to eighteen percent, for children of twelve through nineteen the percentage has increased from five percent to eighteen as stated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm. In this new decade, fast, fatty, and sugary, food has become day to day life consumption in our society. America’s children are exposed to these foods and unfortunately take part in this diet because their providers present them with this unhealthy diet. Not only do they have an inadequate nutritious diet, but they also lack of physical activity. There are millions of children who need your help to not be in danger of a serious health problem and die. Child obesity is increasing rapidly in the United States. Let’s begin by addressing the problems that can occur among child obesity. The first problem is that children may not be able to meet all of their physical needs. Example of a fifteen month old weighing fifty five pounds, twenty...

Guava Leaves Extract for Skin Infections

Guava Leaves Extract (Component in making soap) treatment for acne [Bathing Soap] Chapter I: Background of the study: Nowadays people are focusing in herbal plants especially those who are common in the environment. One of the example is the guava plant (Psidium guajava Linn). Based on research this plant is good for healing and treating wounds and other skin infections. So in my research I wan't to make a bathing soap out of it, cause I know that it is effective. People, researchers, scientists were focusing to medicinal plants.They want to prove that there are plants that are more effective against diseases especially in skin. This study refers to a plant that can be made into a bathing soap and improves its quality while using this plant (guava leaves). I want people to handle easily in treating their skin disorders. Instead of boiling the leaves, now it’s easy to apply. Boiling takes much time. Statement of the Problem: I stated that Guava leaves extract is good for skin. Based on my research, it has many constituents that is good for skin. It answers the following questions: * Is there any constituents of guave leaves that is good for skin? What are those? * It can really treat skin disorders/ Acne? Hypothesis: * Guava leaves is good treatment for acne. * It has many components or constituents. * Constituents that is good for skin disorders, especially for acnies. Significance of the Study: You can make a bathing soap with guave leaves extract as treatment for acne. This plant is very common to our environment, and aside of its avaibility; it is easy to cultivate. It contains many components for healing skin disorders. Scope and Limitation: The study of guava leaves and getting their extract is often useful.It has the ability to treat, cure, disinfect skin disorders and capable of being a herbal plant for acnes. Definition of Terms Astringent- antiseptic properties Decoction- infusion of fresh leaves used for wound cleaning and skin to prevent infec tion and to facilitate healing. Good for skin disorders. Volatile- a substance that changes into a vapor at a relatively low temperature. Eugenol- oily liquid from doves. (C10H12O2) Cloves- aromatic spice from the dried flower bud of a tropical tree. Tannin- a brownish or yellowish substance found in plants and used in astringents.Saponins- soap from plants; any group of chemical substances extracted from plants that form a soapy lather mixed with water and are used to make soap and detergent. Amydalin- resin used in paints and adhesives. Resin- yellow or brown color and organic substance from plants. Malic Acid- acid from fruit; a colorless crystalline solid found in fruits such as apples. (C4H6O5) Aldehydes- organic compound; a highly reactive organic compound produced by the oxidation of an alcohol and having a CHO group especially the acetaldehyde. Ash- the powdery substance that is left when omething has been burnt. Guava: Scientific Name: Psidium Guajava Chapter II: Review Rel ated Literature: Database File for: GUAVA (Psidium guajava) Main database Common name Botanical name Ethnic uses Conditions Actions PLANTIMAGES Photos WEBRESOURCESGUAVA Product Search Medline Abstracts USDA BARC DB HEAR Info Purdue Info W? TROPICOS DB Ethnobotany DB Phytochem DB GRIN DB USF DB ITIS DB Plants DB Raintree'sRainforestMission Home Page Company Mission Philosophy Plant Harvesting Plant Images Rainforest Products Rainforest Gallery Rainforest Facts Article Section Rainforest LinksOther Links Print Brochure Print Order Form Contact Us Search Site Privacy Policy Conditions of Use Free Service EspanolPortuguesDeutschItaliano Francais Norsk Family: Myrtaceae Genus: Psidium Species: guajava Common names: Guava, goiaba, guayaba, djamboe, djambu, goavier, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, perala, bayawas, dipajaya jambu, petokal, tokal, guave, guavenbaum, guayave, banjiro, goiabeiro, guayabo, guyaba, goeajaaba, guave, goejaba, kuawa, abas, jambu batu, bayabas, pichi, posh, enandi Part Used: Fruit, leaf, bark From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: GUAVAHERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS Main Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage stops diarrhea depresses CNS Leaves kills bacteria lowers blood pressure Decoction: 1 cup 1-3 kills fungi reduces blood sugar times daily kills yeast constricts blood vessels kills amebas promotes menstruation relieves pain fights free radicals reduces spasms supports heart Called guayaba in Spanish-speaking countries and goiaba in Brazil, guava is a common shade tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in the tropics. It provides shade while the guava fruits are eaten fresh and made into drinks, ice cream, and preserves.In the richness of the Amazon, guava fruits often grow well beyond the size of tennis balls on well-branched trees or shrubs reaching up to 20 m high. Cultivated varieties average about 10 meters in height and produce lemon-sized fruits. The tree is easily identified by its distinctive thin, smooth, copper-colored bark that flak es off, showing a greenish layer beneath. Guava fruit today is considered minor in terms of commercial world trade but is widely grown in the tropics, enriching the diet of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics of the world.Guava has spread widely throughout the tropics because it thrives in a variety of soils, propagates easily, and bears fruit relatively quickly. The fruits contain numerous seeds that can produce a mature fruit-bearing plant within four years. In the Amazon rainforest guava fruits are much enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse guava seeds in their droppings and cause spontaneous clumps of guava trees to grow throughout the rainforest. TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USESGuava may have been domesticated in Peru several thousand years ago; Peruvian archaeological sites have revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other cultivated plants. Guava fruit is still enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, a nd the leaves and bark of the guava tree have a long history of medicinal uses that are still employed today. The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for diarrhea.In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been used by many tribes for diarrhea and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians also employ it for sore throats, vomiting, stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate menstrual periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone vaginal walls after childbirth.A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a flower infusion is used topically for wounds, ulcers and skin sores. Flowers are also mashed and applied to painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries. Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon Basin took the much enjoyed and tasty fruits to Africa, Asia, India, and the Pacific tropical regions, so that it is now cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world. Commercially the fruit is consumed fresh or used in the making of jams, jellies, paste or hardened jam, and juice.Guava leaves are in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diarrhea, and the leaves are still used for diarrhea in Latin America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. In Peruvian herbal medicine systems today the plant is employed for diarrhea, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, gastric disorders, vomiting, coughs, vaginal discharges, menstrual pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In Brazil guava is considered an astringent drying agent and diuretic and is used for the same conditions as in Peru.A decoction is also recommended as a gargle for sore throats, laryngitis and swelling of the mouth, and used externally for ski n ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges. PLANT CHEMICALS Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, fiber and fatty acids. Guava fruit is higher in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit) and contains appreciable amounts of vitamin A as well. Guava fruits are also a good source of pectin – a dietary fiber.The leaves of guava are rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. Much of guava's therapeutic activity is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Quercetin is thought to contribute to the anti-diarrhea effect of guava; it is able to relax intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit bowel contractions. In addition, other flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves show antispasmodic activity. Guava also has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.Guava's main plant chemicals include: alan ine, alpha-humulene, alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, alpha-selinene, amritoside, araban, arabinose, arabopyranosides, arjunolic acid, aromadendrene, ascorbic acid, ascorbigen, asiatic acid, aspartic acid, avicularin, benzaldehyde, butanal, carotenoids, caryophyllene, catechol-tannins, crataegolic acid, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl octanoate, essential oils, flavonoids, gallic acid, glutamic acid, goreishic acid, guafine, guavacoumaric acid, guaijavarin, guajiverine, guajivolic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid, guajavanoic acid, histidine, hyperin, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, isoquercetin, jacoumaric acid, lectins, leucocyanidins, limonene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysine, mecocyanin, myricetin, myristic acid, nerolidiol, obtusinin, octanol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pectin, polyphenols, psidiolic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, serine, sesquiguavene, tannins, terpenes, and ursolic acid. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH The long history of guava's use has led modern-day researchers to study guava extracts. Its traditional use for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive complaints has been validated in numerous clinical studies. A plant drug has even been developed from guava leaves (standardized to its quercetin content) for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Human clinical trials with the drug indicate its effectiveness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava leaf extracts and fruit juice has also been clinically studied for infantile diarrhea.In a clinical study with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days (87. 1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has â€Å"good curative effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis. † Guava has many different properties that contribute to its antidiarrheal effect: it has been doc umented with pronounced antibacterial, antiamebic and antispasmodic activity. It has also shown to have a tranquilizing effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption of water in the intestines.In other research, an alcoholic leaf extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by inhibiting the gastrointestinal release of chemicals in acute diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought to be related to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing its adhesion to the intestinal wall and thus preventing infection (and resulting diarrhea). The effective use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also be related to guava's documented antibacterial properties. Bark and leaf extracts have shown to have in vitro toxic action against numerous bacteria.In several studies guava showed significant antiba cterial activity against such common diarrhea-causing bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demonstrated antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial actions. In a recent study with guinea pigs (in 2003) Brazilian researchers reported that guava leaf extracts have numerous effects on the cardiovascular system which might be beneficial in treating irregular heat beat (arrhythmia). Previous research indicated guava leaf provided antioxidant effects beneficial to the heart, heart protective properties, and improved myocardial function.In two randomized human studies, the consumption of guava fruit for 12 weeks was shown to reduce blood pressure by an average 8 points, decrease total cholesterol levels by 9%, decrease triglycerides by almost 8%, and increase â€Å"good† HDL cholesterol by 8%. The effects were attributed to the high potassium and soluble fiber content of the fruit (however 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed daily by the study subjects to obtain these results! ). In other animal studies guava leaf extracts have evidenced analgesic, sedative, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity, as well as a cough suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit juice has been documented to lower lood sugar levels in normal and diabetic animals and humans. Most of these studies confirm the plant's many uses in tropical herbal medicine systems. CURRENT PRACTICAL USES Guava, known as the poor man's apple of the tropics, has a long history of traditional use, much of which is being validated by scientific research. It is a wonderful natural remedy for diarrhea – safe enough even for young children. For infants and children under the age of 2, just a cup daily of guava fruit juice is helpful for diarrhea. For older children and adults, a cup once or twice daily of a leaf decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. Though not widely available in the U. S . arket, tea-cut and powdered leaves can be obtained from larger health food stores or suppliers of bulk botanicals. Newer in the market are guava leaf extracts that are used in various herbal formulas for a myriad of purposes; from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to bowel health and weight loss formulas. Toxicity studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show both the leaf and fruit to be safe and without side effects. GUAVA PLANT SUMMARY Main Preparation Method: decoction Main Actions (in order): antidysenteric, antiseptic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart) Main Uses: or dysentery (bacterial and amebic), diarrhea, colic, and infantile rotavirus enteritis as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial for internal and external bacterial, fungal, candidal, and amebic infections to tone, balance, protect and strengthen the heart (and for arrhythmia and some heart diseases) as a cough suppressant, analgesic (pain-reliev er), and febrifuge (reduces fever) for colds, flu, sore throat, etc as a topical remedy for ear and eye infections Properties/Actions Documented by Research: amebicide, analgesic (pain-reliever), antibacterial, anticandidal, antidysenteric, antifungal, antimalarial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antiulcerous, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), central nervous system depressant, cough suppressant, gastrototonic (tones, balances, strengthens the gastric tract), hypotensive (lowers blood ressure), sedative, vasoconstrictor Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, antiseptic, astringent, blood cleanser, digestive stimulant, menstrual stimulant, nervine (balances/calms nerves), vermifuge (expels worms) Cautions: It has a cardiac depressant effect and is contraindicated in some heart conditions. Traditional Preparation: The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its great taste, nutritional benefit and nutrient content, as well as an effective children's diarrhea remedy. The leaves are prepared in a standard decoction and dosages are generally 1 cup 1-3 times daily. Contraindications:Guava has recently demonstrated cardiac depressant activity and should be used with caution by those on heart medications. Guava fruit has shown to lower blood sugar levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia. Drug Interactions: None reported, however excessive or chronic consumption of guava may potentiate some heart medications. WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES Amazonia for diarrhea, dysentery, menstrual disorders, stomachache, vertigo Brazil for anorexia, cholera, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, gastric insufficiency, inflamed mucous membranes, laryngitis, mouth(swelling), skin problems, sore throat, ulcers, vaginal discharge Cuba for colds, dysentery, dyspepsia Ghana coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, toothache Haiti or dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, itch, piles, scabies, skin sores, sore t hroat, stomachache, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent India for anorexia, cerebral ailments, childbirth, chorea, convulsions, epilepsy, nephritis Malaya for dermatosis, diarrhea, epilepsy, hysteria, menstrual disorders Mexico for deafness, diarrhea, itch, scabies, stomachache, swelling, ulcer, worms, wounds Peru for conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, gout, hemorrhages, gastroenteritis, gastritis, lung problems, PMS, shock, vaginal discharge, vertigo, vomiting, worms Philippines for sores, wounds, and as an astringent Trinidad bacterial infections, blood cleansing, diarrhea, dysenteryElsewhere for anorexia, aches, bacterial infections, boils, bowel disorders, bronchitis, catarrh, cholera, chorea, colds, colic, convulsions, coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, edema, epilepsy, fever, gingivitis, hemorrhoids, itch, jaundice, menstrual problems, nausea, nephritis, respiratory problems, rheumatism, scabies, sore throat, spasms, sprains, st omach problems, swelling, tonic, toothache, ulcers, worms, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent References/Footnotes: Conde Garcia, E. A. , et al. â€Å"Inotropic effects of extracts of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaves on the guinea pig atrium. † Braz. J. of Med. & Biol. Res. 2003; 36: 661-668.Suntornsuk, L. , et al. â€Å"Quantitation of vitamin C content in herbal juice using direct titration. † J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002; 28(5): 849-55. Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M. , et al. â€Å"The phytochemical database. † (ACEDB version 4. 3-Data version July 1994. ) National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jimenez-Escrig, A. , et al. â€Å"Guava fruit (Psidium guajava L. ) as a new source of antioxidant dietary fiber. † J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001; 49(11): 5489-93. Smith, Nigel J. H. , et al. Tropical Forests and their Crops. London: Cornell University Press. 1992. Arima, H. , et al . Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L. ) and their structural elucidation. † Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2002; 66(8): 1727-30. Morales, M. A. , et al. â€Å"Calcium-antagonist effect of quercetin and its relation with the spasmolytic properties of Psidium guajava L. † Arch. Med. Res. 1994; 25(1): 17-21. Lozoya, X. , et al. â€Å"Quercetin glycosides in Psidium guajava L. leaves and determination of a spasmolytic principle. † Arch. Med. Res. 1994; 25(1): 11-5. Begum, S. , et al. â€Å"Triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. † Phytochemistry 2002; 61(4): 399-403. Lozoya, X. , et al. â€Å"Intestinal anti-spasmodic effect of a phytodrug of Psidium guajava olia in the treatment of acute diarrheic disease. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 83(1-2): 19-24. Wei, L. , et al. â€Å"Clinical study on treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis with Psidium guajava L. † Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000; 20(12): 8 93-5. Tona, L. , et al. â€Å"Biological screening of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, Congo. † Phytomedicine 1999; 6(1): 59-66. Lozoya, X. , et al. â€Å"Model of intraluminal perfusion of the guinea pig ileum in vitro in the study of the antidiarrheal properties of the guava (Psidium guajava). † Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex). 1990; 21(2): 155-62. Almeida, C. E. , et al. Analysis of antidiarrhoeic effect of plants used in popular medicine. † Rev. Saude Publica. 1995; 29(6): 428-33. Lin, J. , et al. â€Å"Anti-diarrhoeal evaluation of some medicinal plants used by Zulu traditional healers. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79(1): 53-6. Lutterodt, G. D. â€Å"Inhibition of Microlax-induced experimental diarrhea with narcotic-like extracts of Psidium guajava leaf in rats. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 37(2): 151-7. Lutterodt, G. D. â€Å"Inhibition of gastrointestinal release of acetylcholine by quercetin as a possible mode of action of Psidium guajava leaf extracts in the treatment of acute diarrhoeal disease. † J. Ethnopharmcol. 1989; 25(3): 235-47. Coutino-Rodriguez, R. et al, â€Å"Lectins in fruits having gastrointestinal activity: their participation in the hemagglutinating property of Escherichia coli O157:H7. † Arch. Med. Res. 2001; 32(4): 251-7. Abdelrahim, S. I. , et al. â€Å"Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. † Fitoterapia 2002; 73(7-8): 713-5. Holetz, F. B. , et al. â€Å"Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. † Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97(7): 1027-31. Caceres, A. , et al. â€Å"Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990; 30(1): 55-73. Garcia, S. et al, â€Å"Inhibition of growth, enterotoxin production, and spore formation of Clostridium perfringens by extra cts of medicinal plants. † J. Food Prot. 2002; 65(10): 1667-9. Tona, L. , et al. â€Å"Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. † Phytomedicine 2000; 7(1): 31-8. Tona, L. , et al. â€Å"Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 61(1): 57-65. Nundkumar, N. , et al. â€Å"Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some South African medicinal plants used as antimalarial remedies in Zulu folk medicine. † Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002; 24(7): 397-401. Yamashiro, S. , et al. Cardioprotective effects of extracts from Psidium guajava L. and Limonium wrigth II, Okinawan medicinal plants, against ischemia-reperfusion injury in perfused rat hearts. † Pharmacology 2003; 67(3): 128-35. Singh, R. B. , et al. â€Å"Can guava fruit intake decrease blood pressure and blood lipids? † J. Hum Hypertens. 1993 ; 7(1): 33-8. Singh, R. B. , et al. â€Å"Effects of guava intake on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on systemic blood pressure. † Am. J. Cardiol. 1992; 70(15): 1287-91. Shaheen, H. M. , et al. â€Å"Effect of Psidium guajava leaves on some aspects of the central nervous system in mice. † Phytother. Res. 2000; 14(2): 107-11. Lutterodt, G.D. , et al. â€Å"Effects on mice locomotor activity of a narcotic-like principle from Psidium guajava leaves. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 24(2-3): 219-31. Jaiarj, P. , et al. â€Å"Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 67(2): 203-12. Cheng, J. T. , et al. â€Å"Hypoglycemic effect of guava juice in mice and human subjects. † Am. J. Clin. Med. 1983; 11(1-4): 74-6. Roman-Ramos, R. , et al. â€Å"Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995. The above text has been printed from The He aling Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted  © 2005 All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission. †  The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The information contained in this plant database file is intended for education, entertainment and information purposes only. This information is not intended to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care. The plant described herein is not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate or prevent any disease. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this plant database file and web site.  © Copyrighted 1996 to present by Raintree Nutrition, Inc. , Carson City, NV

Non-Profit Marketing- Problems and Future Challenges

Marketing is being blamed for creating materialism in society and also for creating unnecessary demand for Products and Services, which the customer would not have asked for. It is because of marketing that the suppressed desires of the materialistic world take over the moral man and loads into being a hedonist.But people also feel that marketing is responsible for what has happened to the world over the years and what will happen in the future. People belonging to their school of thought are of the opinion that marketing creates surplus in the form of profit and profit making organization in turn, spend their returns on designing and development product and services, which enhanced the standard of living of people and deliver desired value to consumers.The latter school is guided by Adam Smith’s principles of ‘Invisible Hand: Both the schools of thought try to rationalize the existence of marketing as an economic process, either to create and distribute value or to deli ver value to consumers. The scope of business was confined to economic transactions between the producer and marketers. Though each of them part of the social Institutions and operated under social framework and structure, it was realized very late that marketing can also be used to address social issues.In a traditional sense, marketing is broadly defined as process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of Ideas products and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. A broader definition of marketing delved into the process of social exchange in which both producers and marketers looked into the effects of product conception development, design, distribution and delivery of products from social point of view.Marketers also started viewing marketing tools and strategy as vehicles for application in the context of non-business enterprises like government, public sector and charities. Here onwards marketing wa s looked as a change vehicle and potent weapon for bringing desired effects on responsible corporate social behavior use of marketing tools in the social context started in the middle of the last century when organization with and without profit motives started mass campaigns for a cause or an idea.A successful social information campaign should have a high level of monopoly so that there should not be any contradicting messages to the objective of the campaign. However, many of the social campaigns in a free society have complementary or alternate campaign, which do not allow them to have certain level of monopoly. Let us take an example of an anti-smoking campaign. Though the message, â€Å"smoking causes cancer† is evident everywhere and firms marketing tobacco-related products mention this line over their products, but there are campaigns on cigarettes and liquor that promote lifestyle patterns.Mass and information-oriented campaigns depend on the favorable public attitud e. Pre-existing attitudes are easier to reinforce than to change. Non – Business Marketing The Non- business Marketing involves marketing activities carried out by individuals and organizations to achieves some goals other than normal business goals explained in the form of returns on investments, growth or increase in the profit. We can classify non –business marketing as social marketing and non – profit marketing Types of Non-Business Marketing Social Marketing Concept for Non-Profit Organization [NPO]Non-profit organizations work the motto of sub serving social interests. They may or may not charge for the services offered. The defined principal of social marketing makes it essential that the organizations where the conceptualization process is to switch on place social interests at the top of the agenda. The policy and strategic decisions of non-profit organizations while conceptualizing marketing focuses on satisfaction of consumers irrespective of the fac t that they pay for the services offered or are offered free of cost services .Social marketing is an activity of the non-profit organization. We find social marketing employing the use of the marketing concept in an effort to persuade consumers to accept social ideas beneficial to society at large. These organizations vary from the trade and professional associations to community, national and international organizations. We find non-profit organization dealing with two basic market segments – Donors and Clients. They subscribe to the objectives that cannot be measured in financial terms. They are concerned with the people, places and ideas as well as product and services.The donors may or may not necessarily receive any products to note services in exchange for donations/contributions. It is also significant that non-profit organizations offer products/services to those in need and even may not be able to absorb the cost of the product/services. For example the services off ered by an educational and health institutions occupy a place of outstanding significance and it is against this background that citizens of a country have a right users of services can’t be uniform and therefore they are supposed to work with the motto of serving the society without making profit.Because we find these services , of late , depending upon the supporting infrastructural facilities known as inputs, these service institutions engaged in offering the aid have a to generate surpluses so that the expansion, development, modernization programmes are practiced to activate the process of qualitative –cum- quantitative transformation. It is in this context that we find these institutions working as a non-profit organization. More over we can’t neglect the instrumentally of health services for the survival and growth of human beings.The basic medical aid is considered to be a fundamental right of all citizens of the country. It is but natural that all segme nts of society are not in a position to afford the medical services if we find hospitals making profits. Of course, they need time honored development which requires infrastructural support. In other hand it is responsibility of non-profit organizations and the governments create awareness on blind beliefs, safe sex, cotangential diseases and social evils. Social organizations bear the responsibility of regulating the government policies, these institutions are come forward and safeguard the social interest.They are extended multi-dimensional support through different categories of organizations for that very purpose. If they start making profits, the social interests would not be protected. Thus, we find Social Welfare Organizations is working as a Non-Profit Organizations because they don’t have a legitimate right to make profit. Non- Profit Organizations- Marketing [NPO-Marketing] We are well aware of instrumentality of non-profit organizations in sub serving social intere sts. This draws our attention on the professional excellence of people managing such organization.Because we find marketing a managerial process, it is essential that professional managing the affairs is made aware of the positive contribution of nonprofit organizations and develop marketing resources in the face of evolving changes. The formulation of a sound marketing mix becomes significant when we think of conceptualizing and implementing modern marketing principles in non-profit organizations. A professionally sound manager bears the efficiency of developing marketing resources in tune with the changing levels of expectations and therefore the task of satisfying the users become easier.We also find marketing a social process to be more specific while managing the non-profit organizations. It is right to mention that social marketing governs marketing of non-profit organizations because policy decision makers are supposed to formulate such a policy as to safeguard social interes ts. The professionals responsible for conceptualization and implementation bear the responsibility of formulating a strategy opening new vistas for social transformation.The marketers, while promoting the interests of users, need to make sure that directly or indirectly, the policies or strategies are not to obstruct the process of social welfare. Of course they also need to protect organizational interests because we can’t think of raising the contributions of non-profit organization to the process of social transformation unless they are financially sound. So, it is essential that marketers managing the affairs are well aware of the avenues for the mobilization of financial resources.EXISTANCE PROBLEMS BEFORE NON-PROFIT SECTOR A majority of the non-profit organizations are today facing image problems of high magnitude. They are facing the problem of professional deficiency. Financial crunch has made them potentially insolvent. The infrastructural constraints, managerial def iciency, lack of dedicated and committed people, decreasing contributions towards social transformation, increasing domination of social climbers, increasing insensitivity among different segments of society, large scale misuse of funds have fuelled the process of egeneration and the situations are found explosive. We find different types of non-profit organizations, viz. , organizations such as Religious, Social Cultural, Knowledge, Protective, and Philanthropic, Political and Social today facing critical problems, not only in India but also in the globe. While we realize the outstanding contributions of non-profit organizations in the welfare activities, we find them in poor condition. The management legends feel that whatever problems we notice can be resolved if professionals take part in the innovation process.They strongly advocate in favors of developing the non-business sector with the help of world-class professionals. As of today, the multi-faceted challenges have made the m potentially weak. 1. Problem of Professional Deficiency Professional excellence will help in bringing the derailed systems back on its track. Of late most of the non-profit organizations face the problem of managerial deficiency. Financial resources are inadequate and whatever is generated is being mismanaged and misused. The traditionally managed units are facing strategically and tactical problems.They are controlled and dominated by social climbers. Bureaucrats dominate the management and control processes with ulterior motives and mission. Virtually a majority of them are at a collapsing stage needing a special care of the professionals. The world class professionals may contribute significantly to the development processes and the non-profit organizations may witness qualitative improvements. 2. Infrastructural constraints The non-profit organizations have been facing the problem of infrastructural constraints. Since they are not making profits, the infrastructural facilities are minimal.The government or infrastructural industries do not extend to them adequate support. Of late, infrastructural facilities have been playing a lead role in improving the quality of services but due to inadequacy of infrastructure, they find it difficult to generate funds. This naturally has adversely affected the quality of their services and aggravating the image problem. They are unable to offer even key core services. 3. Lack of dedicated and committed people A majority of the non-profit organizations are facing the problem of nadequacy of quality people when they are not professionally sound, how we can expect from them personal commitment and value orientation. The development is a natural phenomenon. Education and training facilities should be of world class otherwise there can be no question of making available to the various sectors quality people without which all out efforts prove to be the effective. An organization dominated by non-performers can’t surv ive. The NPOs, of course, do not realize the instrumentality of quality people in the process of qualitative or quantitative transformation. 4.Increasing domination of social climbers It is unfortunate that social climbers are dominating the management and control of a majority of the non-profit organizations. If professionals replace social climbers the present and future of an organization can be positive. Degeneration in the working of political organizations has led to this sorry state. The mafias, antisocial elements, criminals have started handling the political organizations who are responsible for formulating sound policies. The policy and strategic decisions made by the anti-social elements have thrown the organizations in the reverse gear.Political parties, non-government organizations, trade unions, educational institutions and the police department have failed in the discharge of their duties since they are dominated by the vested interests like social climbers and mafia s. 5. Increasing insensitivity among masses The most significant reason aggravating the magnitude of the problem is increasing in sensitivity among different segments of the society. Nobody considers it significant to perceive the problems correctly. All of us find it difficult to confront the mafias and anti-social elements. So, they are dominating a majority of the organizations.How we can forecast the future of non-profit organizations. Non-profit organization can contribute substantially to the process of social welfare, if masses are sensitive to the issues as otherwise all the development processes will receive only Luke-warm or even negative response. Mass-participation is an effective prescription to resolve the problems of the society. 6. Large-scale misuse of funds Willingly or unwillingly, we have to accept that a majority of the non-profit organizations are involved in promoting misuse of funds. This is because they are dominated by the social climbers.Fraudulent and unf air practices, unregulated, unproductive expenses are aggravating the problem of financial crunch which is instrumental in the formation of a vicious circle. Since they misuse funds, the donors and potential donors are reluctant to come forward with donations. The mobilization of donors is now complicated and the most important reason is the rampant misuse of funds by the Non-profit Organizations. 7. Decreasing contributions to the society A number of non-profit organizations have not made any significant contributions to the development process.The task of social transformation is their responsibility but they are not to increase their contributions. This has made it difficult for them to get public recognition. Contribution of an individual or an organization is closely related to their potentials and if they are potentially bankrupt, we cannot expect anything concrete from them. This problem indicates that the non-profit or non-business sector is facing numerous problems. We find different types of NPOs and in the Indian context by and large most of them are sailing in the same boat.In the coming years, the magnitude of problem is likely to aggregate because nobody seems interested in resolving the issues. The non-profit organizations thus need an effective prescription, based on a big push theory, in which aggressive marketing practices can be effective. Since it is a social problem, social participation is a must. Mass-participation for mass-welfare will be helpful in different ways. FUTURE CHLENGES OF NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS [NPOs] IN INDIA NPOs are facing several problems and this delays their redressed are and even there is no bright future.In the Indian context where the people are depending on the contributions of non-profit organizations, rational solutions alone can improve their functioning. Against this background, the non-profit organizations should resort to innovative marketing practices. If we look into some of the important non-profit organ izations, their performance results are very disappointing. ?Non-Government Organizations [NGOs] What Do Non-governmental Organizations Do? Nongovernmental organizations are one group of players who are active in the efforts of international development and increasing the welfare of poor people in poor countries.Nongovernmental organizations are largely staffed by altruistic employees and volunteers working towards ideological, rather than financial, ends. Their founders are often intense, creative individuals who sometimes come up with a new product to deliver or a better way to deliver existing goods and services. They are funded by donors, many of them poor or anonymous. Yet these attributes should not be unfamiliar to economists. Development NGOs, like domestic nonprofits, can be understood in the framework of not-for-profit contracting.It is easy to conjure up a glowing vision of how the efforts of NGOs could focus on problem solving without getting bogged down in corruption or bureaucracy. But the strengths of the NGO model have some corresponding weaknesses—in agenda setting, decision making, and resource allocation. We highlight three factors in explaining the increased presence of NGOs in the last few decades: a trend towards more outsourcing of government services; new ventures by would-be not-for-profit â€Å"entrepreneurs†; and the increasing professionalization of existing NGOs.The prime responsibility of a government is to promote social welfare so that weaker segment and neglected region of the country get an opportunity to develop; but in the large and high populated courtiers it is not possible to the government to look after all the sections of the society and the government endorsed some of the welfare programes to the trusted and registered NGOs. In India, we observed that the large numbers of NGOs are involving different type’s welfare programmes in different areas in the country.The objective of any mission is to prom ote social interests by offering a number of services to various segments of society in the country. In this process, they get financial aid and other incentives from government, foreign donors, international and national agencies. Of late, there is negative trend since a majority of the NGOs work with different motives. The domination of social climbers in according and approving grants has virtually changed the scenario. A good number of international and national NGOs i. e.UNDP, CARE-India, World Vision, Action Aid, Plan International, YMCA, CHAI, States Lively Hood Projects, RASS-Tirupathi, ARTIC-Srikakulam, THREAD-Orissa, BASIX-Hyderabad, Ajim Preamjee Foundation and BCT-Visakhapatnam only exist on papers. With the support of political leaders and bureaucrats, they succeed in transforming even the profit-making bodies in the NGOs. The recent report of CAPART bears testimony to this almost all the states, the NGOs have proved to be liability because except a very few cases, almo st all of them are engaged in maturing malpractices.The unfair practices promoted by the social climbers and a few the bureaucrats lead to unhealthy development. The sanction and approval of the projects are seldom based on the potentials of persons to promote and manage the project but on the pressure and influence they can wield. No one is opposed to the development of NGOs since this help the downtrodden communities, women & Child, HIV/AIDS and neglected regions; but the unfair practices should be eliminated. Against this background, there are cases in favor of conceptualizing social marketing by the NGOs.The NGOs have no legal right to make profits. Therefore, the professionals, with innovative marketing practices, should try to improve their working conditions so that they can contribute significantly to the development process and succeed in removing the image problem. The marketing professionals involved in the process will be able to achieve qualitative improvements with the help of an innovative service mix. Currently, the NGOs are facing numerous problems.The increasing influence of social climbers and wrong people in the power corridors should be minimized and this is possible only when we assign due weight age to the approval and sanction process. The professionals, policy makers, promoters, social reformist and activists have to determine the priority areas for future success. ?Educational Institutions In the category of non-profit organizations, we find educational institutions playing an outstanding role. At almost all the levels, educational institutions experience numerous problems. The state policy makers should herefore think over the problem on a priority basis. At the primary, secondary and higher levels, the educational institutions are in a depleted condition. How can we talk about the government managed institutions when a majority of the private institutions present a very gloomy picture? On the one hand, there is a change in the educa tion system because in today’s conditions, expensive infrastructural facilities play an important role in improving the quality of education but because of paucity of fund, they find it is difficult to develop even the basic infrastructural facilities.The libraries, labs, supporting infrastructural facilities and the quality of faculty play an important role in improving the quality of education, but a majority of the government managed educational institutions find it difficult to promote the quality of their service mix, party, on account of financial crunch and partly because of professional deficiency. With an increasing pressure of population, the demand is increasing. The users and potential users have high expectations since they witness their counterparts elsewhere in the world available of world class educational facilities which are denied to them.Weaker sections of the society and the illiterate segments need educational assistance as they cannot afford the expensi ve educational facilities offered by some of the privately managed schools and colleges. The universities also present the same picture. Right from the primary to the higher, almost all the centers are in a poor condition and two important reasons obstructing them are inadequacy of finance and lack of professional excellence. The syllabi of the traditionally managed educational institutions are not in tune with the emerging trends and evolving developments.There is no corresponding relation between the formal and informal education, leading to a number of allied problems. The public fail to get informal education and this obstructs the process of developing quality people. The limited number of people getting education in the world class institutions may be professionally sound but a majority of them lack informal education. They are totally unaware of traffic and civic sense and aesthetic values which keep them ignorant of work culture, conviction and commitment.So, it is necessary that educational institutions in general make ensure that both the streams of imparting educational assistance, formal and informal, are given due importance. A majority of the problems are due to inadequacy of finance and the process of mobilization of financial resources is difficult. The image problem is obstructing their professionalized efforts. They find it difficult to raise the fee structure and the donors and potential donors are disinterested in their problems. The grants from government or other agencies have shrunk.Thus they are facing a number of problems on the financial front. There appears to be no way for an improvement in their financial position. It is against this background that we recommend the urgency of conceptualizing social marketing principles by these educational institutions. Professionalize services open the doors for multi-dimensional improvements. The marketing professionals using innovative marketing strategy will be able to improve their position. Of late there has been an attitudinal change as the parents in general are quite interested in quality education.In a majority of the cases they prefer to avail of quality services even if the fee structure is high. Of late expenditure on education is considered a productive investment and this has led to a qualitative transformation. Financial institutions and commercial banks are now evincing interest in resolving the problems of the weaker sections of the society who are not unable to afford expensive quality services. Where the educational institutions are performing well and playing a positive role in the development of quality people, it is quite natural that people develop a positive attitude towards them.This will also motivate the donors and potential donors since they witness productive use of their money. This broadens the avenues for the mobilization of financial resources. Since they have been making positive contributions to the process of development, the government w ould also evince interest in providing adequate grants. Then the social welfare organizations too would come forward to solve their financial problems. The marketing professionals, with the help of a sound service mix, will be successful in improving the quality of the core and peripheral services.The core services can help them in regaining the lost image, while the peripheral services will add additional attractions to their service-mix. When the educational institutions find themselves financially sound, development requirements will be conveniently fulfilled. The marketing professionals will find it easier to promote since they have made positive contributions. The public will become aware of the outstanding performance of the educational institutions leading to a better mage. The fee structure should be made optimal to improve the financial health of the educational institutions. The users will not hesitate to invest because they find justifications for the same. The infrastruc tural facilities can be enriched and the development of faculty would get due attention Thus, the marketing professionals can play a positive role and the educational institutions would emerge as an industry contributing significantly to the process of developing quality people.The mission will then be achieved since the vision has changed. The organizational goals of improving the quality, satisfying the users, developing the educational institution and increasing the number of satisfied group of users can conveniently be accomplished with the removal of image problem and the educational institutions will start contributing significantly to the process of human capital formation vis-a-vis socio-economic transformation. ConclusionTo strengthening the Non-profit/Not-for-Profit/NGOs sector through a radical restructuring of the government machinery, a radical change in the prevailing mindset of policy makers and corporative giants and a radical reallocation of resources in order to ma ke the people themselves the principal authors of their own future. They must be provided easy access to economic advantages they frequently are not entitled to benefit. They must not be treated as beggars/slavers and dependent downtrodden segments of society but as equal partners.Such a dramatic change requires a vigorous, broad-based participatory dialogue and committed leadership- leadership with clear vision and daunting courage.References: 1. Marketing Management –Second Edition-Tapan K Panda-Excel Books, New Delhi 2. Marketing Non-Profit Organizations –First Edition- S. M. Jha-Himalaya Publishing, Mumbai 3. Educational Marketing- Services Marketing -2002- S. M. Jha-Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai 4. Marketing for Non-Profit Organizations- 2004-P. kotler-PHI 5. CAPART Reporting – Floating NGO is Good Business-TOI/23/10/01